The i.MX 8M Mini applications processor is a feature and performance-scalable multicore platform including a Cortex-M4 core. This secondary core typically runs an RTOS optimized for microcontrollers or a bare-metal application. Toradex provides FreeRTOS™, a free professional-grade real-time operating system for microcontrollers, along with drivers and several examples that can be used on our Verdin iMX8M Mini platform. The FreeRTOS™ port is based on NXP's MCUxpresso SDK for the i.MX 8M Mini.
Tip: For more information about the basics of utilizing the Cortex-M4 processor present in your i.MX Toradex Board, check M4 Control Tool for i.MX platforms
The Cortex-M4 CPU core lives side by side with the Cortex-A53 based primary CPU cores. Both CPU complexes have access to the same interconnect and hence have equal access to all peripherals (shared bus topology). The graphic below is an incomplete and simplified drawing of the architecture with emphasis on the relevant sub systems to understand the heterogeneous asymmetric multicore architecture.
i.MX 8M Mini Heterogeneous Asymmetric Multicore Architecture Block Diagram
There are several types of memory available. The Cortex-M4 provides local memory (Tightly Coupled Memory, TCM), which is relatively small but can be accessed by the CPU without any latency.
For applications requiring more memory, the system DRAM is accessible by the M4 cores. From a performance perspective the TCM memory should be used whenever possible.
A traditional microcontroller typically has internal NOR flash where the firmware is stored and executed from. This is not the case on the Verdin iMX8M Mini: There is no NOR flash where the firmware can be flashed onto. Instead, the firmware needs to be stored on the mass storage device such as an SD card or the internal eMMC flash. The available mass storage devices are not "memory mapped", and hence application can not be executed directly from any of the cores (no Execution-In-Place, XIP). Instead, code need to be loaded into one of the available memory sections before the CPU can start executing it.
The M4 firmware can be placed in the common boot container, so it will be loaded and started by the boot ROM, or it can be placed on a mass storage device. In this case U-Boot needs to be configured to load and execute the M4 firmware.
The two CPU platforms use a different memory layout to access individual sub systems. This table lists some important areas and their memory location for each of the cores side by side. The full list can be found in the i.MX 8M Mini reference manual.
| Region | Size | Cortex-A53 | M4-0 |
|---|---|---|---|
| DDR Address | 2GB(*1) | 0x00000000-0x3FFFFFFF |
0x40000000-0xBFFFFFFF |
| TCML for M4 | 128KB | 0x007E0000-0x007FFFFF |
0x1FFE0000-0x1FFFFFFF |
| TCMU for M4 | 128KB | 0x00800000-0x0081FFFF |
0x20000000-0x2001FFFF |
(*1): Full DRAM range is 0x8_00000000 - 0xB_FFFFFFFF. Only a part of the DRAM is accessible by the M4 cores
The Cortex-M4 CPU has two buses connected to the main interconnect (modified Harvard architecture). One bus is meant to fetch data (system bus) whereas the other bus is meant to fetch instructions (code bus).
To get optimal performance, the program code should be located and linked for a region which is going to be fetched through the code bus, while the data area (e.g. bss or data section) should be located in a region which is fetched through the system bus.
The TCML and TCMU regions can be accessed with zero wait-states and thus provides massively better performance than DRAM, even if it is cached. Therefore it is advisable to place all code and data in the TCM whenever possible.
The FreeRTOS source code is currently only available on NXP's MCUXpresso web page:
Here are the steps to download the resources (as of 2020-08-06)
The standard FreeRTOS and bare-metal examples provided by NXP use UART_3 on the Verdin iMX8M Mini to communicate with the user. This section describes how to access in order to make the required UART ports accessible from your development PC, and how to load and run binary examples.
Download the following Arm cross-compilation toolchain from the official website and extract it, e.g.:
$ tar xjf ~/Downloads/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2020-q2-update-x86_64-linux.tar.bz2
Some Linux distributions might already offer the Arm toolchain in their repositories and you can install it from there. On Ubuntu, for instance, run:
$ sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-none-eabi binutils-arm-none-eabi
You'll also need make and cmake:
$ sudo apt-get install make cmake
After extracting the SDK you've just downloaded, go to <sdk-directory>/boards/evkmimx8mm/demo_apps/hello_world/armgcc.
The included build scripts expect the ARMGCC_DIR environment variable to be defined. This is your toolchain directory, e.g.:
$ export ARMGCC_DIR=~/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2020-q2-update
If you've installed the toolchain using your package manager, then run:
$ export ARMGCC_DIR=/usr
Then run the built-in build script:
$ ./build_all.sh
This will build both the debug and release versions of the application for all possible targets (DDR, FLASH and RAM).
Copy the resulting binary (e.g. hello_world.bin) to an SD card for the next steps.
The Verdin Development Board features a built-in USB to Serial converter which can be used to easily access both the main OS debug UART as well as the default M4 debug UART via a single USB C connector (X66)
Four USB serial interfaces should be enumerated in your PC (e.g. /dev/ttyUSB0, /dev/ttyUSB1, /dev/ttyUSB2, /dev/ttyUSB3). The highest USB index (e.g. /dev/ttyUSB3) is the Linux serial console.
Note: For more information on the serial port and debug console, read the Configuring Serial Port Debug Console (Linux/U-Boot) article.
At the time of writing this article, the current U-Boot version was:
U-Boot 2018.03-toradex_imx_v2018.03_4.14.78_1.0.0_ga-bringup+g92d0497781 (Aug 28 2019 - 16:16:39 +0000)
Currently U-Boot does not support loading .elf files. Therefore we need to use .bin files which tend to be less defined and leave more space for usage errors.
Prepare your environment as follows:
Then for each time you want to run the example, Put your keyboard focus into the U-Boot/Linux terminal and follow the steps below:
Turn on the Verdin Development Board
Press any key in the terminal to enter U-Boot command line.
Optional: To verify that your binary file is accessible on the SD card, enter:
> ls mmc 1
Verdin iMX8MM # setenv m4addr 0x7e0000
Verdin iMX8MM # saveenv
Verdin iMX8MM # fatload mmc 1 0x48000000 hello_world.bin && dcache flush && cp.b 0x48000000 ${m4addr} 0x20000
Verdin iMX8MM # bootaux ${m4addr}
15872 bytes read in 28 ms (552.7 KiB/s)
## Starting auxiliary core at 0x007E0000 ...
Verdin iMX8MM #
hello_world.bin is the name of your application.
Hello World!
